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Dually Active HIV/HBV Antiretrovirals as Protection Against Incident Hepatitis B Infections: Potential for Prophylaxis
Conclusions. Our study suggests that DAART, independently of CD4 cell count and risky behavior, has a potentially strong public health impact, including pre-exposure prophylaxis of HBV coinfection in the HIV infected.
Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases - July 20, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Shilaih, M., Marzel, A., Scherrer, A. U., Braun, D. L., Kovari, H., Rougemont, M., Darling, K., Battegay, M., Hoffmann, M., Bernasconi, E., Hirzel, C., Günthard, H. F., Kouyos, R. D., The Swiss HIV Cohort Study, The Swiss HIV Cohort Study, Remy, R Tags: HIV/AIDS Source Type: research

Design-Based Peptidomimetic Ligand Discovery to Target HIV TAR RNA Using Comparative Analysis of Different Docking Methods.
Abstract Discovering molecules capable of binding to HIV trans-activation responsive region (TAR) RNA thereby disrupting its interaction with Tat protein is an attractive strategy for developing novel antiviral drugs. Computational docking is considered as a useful tool for predicting binding affinity and conducting virtual screening. Although great progress in predicting protein-ligand interactions has been achieved in the past few decades, modeling RNA-ligand interactions is still largely unexplored due to the highly flexible nature of RNA. In this work, we performed molecular docking study with HIV TAR RNA usin...
Source: Current HIV Research - July 18, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Fu J, Xia A, Dai Y, Qi X Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

HIV Infection and Myocardial Infarction.
Abstract After the advent of the potent combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) the incidence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has declined dramatically and HIV infection became a chronic disease with a significant increase in the life expectancy of HIV-positive people. Consequently, chronic comorbidities as coronary heart disease raised an increasing concern in this population. An increased risk of myocardial infarction has been reported among HIV-infected subjects compared to the general population, but the pathogenic mechanism of this accelerated atherosclerotic process is complex and certainly m...
Source: Current HIV Research - August 2, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Calza L Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

Therapeutic vaccines and immunological intervention in HIV infection: a paradigm change
Purpose of review: The purpose is to review current knowledge of immunological interventions in HIV infection and discuss strategies for the establishment of functional cure and/or HIV eradication. Recent findings: Therapeutic vaccines and cytokines have been historically the immunological interventions developed with the objective to enhance the HIV-specific cell-mediated immune responses and to suppress virus replication. Both these interventions have shown only partial antiviral effects. The recent identification and generation of human broad neutralizing antibodies provides potent immunological intervention associated...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - October 11, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV VACCINE: Edited by Stephen J. Kent and Jerome H. Kim Source Type: research

Adjuvants for HIV vaccines
Purpose of review: Advances in the understanding of the structural biology of HIV-1 proteins, and in the vulnerabilities of HIV-1 at various points in the infectious process have led to innovative approaches for vaccine constructs for clinical trials. Lessons from the successful Retrovirology study 144 (RV144) phase III Thai trial have revealed the need for novel and more potent adjuvant formulations. Fortunately, the vaccine adjuvant field is experiencing an emergence of innovative new adjuvants and strategies that may lead to improved formulations. Recent findings: The review highlights the status of currently used and ...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - October 11, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV VACCINE: Edited by Stephen J. Kent and Jerome H. Kim Source Type: research

Lessons from HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trials
Purpose of review: Only four HIV-1 vaccine concepts have been tested in six efficacy trials with no product licensed to date. Several scientific and programmatic lessons can be learned from these studies generating new hypotheses and guiding future steps. Recent findings: RV144 [ALVAC-HIV (canarypox vector) and AIDSVAX B/E (bivalent gp120 HIV-1 subtype B and CRF01_AE)] remains the only efficacy trial that demonstrated a modest vaccine efficacy, which led to the identification of immune correlates of risk. Progress on subtype-specific, ALVAC (canarypox vector) and gp120 vaccine prime-boost approaches has been slow, but we ...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - October 11, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV VACCINE: Edited by Stephen J. Kent and Jerome H. Kim Source Type: research

Modeling HIV vaccine trials of the future
Purpose of review: Models of implementation of known-effective interventions for HIV prevention indicate that an efficacious vaccine to prevent HIV infection would be critical for controlling the HIV pandemic. Key issues in the design of future HIV vaccine trials are: first, how to develop reliable immunological correlates of vaccine efficacy, second, how to down-select candidate vaccine regimens into efficacy trials, and third, how to learn about vaccine efficacy in the context of the evolving HIV prevention landscape. Recent findings: Whereas in the past phase-I/-II HIV vaccine trials have addressed the first and second...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - October 11, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV VACCINE: Edited by Stephen J. Kent and Jerome H. Kim Source Type: research

Overview on the tricks of HIV Tat to hit the Blood Brain Barrier.
Abstract HIV-Tat protein displays an array of functions, essential for successful HIV replication. The structural flexibility of Tat protein has been regarded as one of the unique features responsible for sustaining diverse functions, ranging from cell membrane-crossing ability to strong affinity for RNA binding. RNA binding ability and presence of multiple interacting domains in the same protein is very important property of HIV-Tat protein. Tat protein has shown great ability to influence cellular and viral gene expression. Perturbation in expression of many cytokines and chemokines by HIV-Tat protein affects do...
Source: Current HIV Research - October 5, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Singh SK Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

HIV-1 Drug Susceptibility to Potential Second- and Third-Line Antiretroviral Regimens among Cameroonian Patients: Evidence from a Cross-sectional Design.
CONCLUSION: Levels of PR-RT resistance increases with ART-exposure, with needs for new ART-options following second-line failure. IN inhibitors and darunavir/r are potentially suitable for a third-line regimen, while the use of maraviroc, etravirine or rilpivirine, requires individual genotypic testing. PMID: 28034359 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current HIV Research - December 28, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Nanfack AJ, Takou D, Fokam J, Salpini R, Santoro MM, Cappelli G, Baane M, Tetang SM, Eberle J, Gürtler L, Ceccherini-Silberstein F, Torimiro JN, Colizzi V, Perno CF, Ndjolo A Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

Future technologies for monitoring HIV drug resistance and cure
Purpose of review: Sensitive, scalable and affordable assays are critically needed for monitoring the success of interventions for preventing, treating and attempting to cure HIV infection. This review evaluates current and emerging technologies that are applicable for both surveillance of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) and characterization of HIV reservoirs that persist despite antiretroviral therapy and are obstacles to curing HIV infection. Recent findings: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has the potential to be adapted into high-throughput, cost-efficient approaches for HIVDR surveillance and monitoring during continued...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - February 1, 2017 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV AND DIAGNOSTICS: Edited by Wendy Stevens Source Type: research

Prevention Interventions for People Living with HIV in Military Settings.
Abstract Military prevention programs and healthy living programs were developed in the mid-1980s to manage and support newly HIV-positive military personnel in the US military. Since then, a program developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention with support from the Department of Defense HIV/AIDS Prevention Program (DHAPP), called Positive Health, Dignity and Prevention (PHDP), is currently being rolled out by DHAPP in partner militaries. The program, designed to reduce HIV transmission, is a package of interventions for people living with HIV (PLHIV), including risk reduction counseling, condom provi...
Source: Current HIV Research - February 6, 2017 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Grillo M, Sloan M, Wankie C, Woodland K, Reader E, Porter B, Macera C, Shaffer R Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

Short-Term Transfer of Knowledge Assessment in the Military International HIV Training Program (MIHTP).
Abstract The Military International HIV Training Program (MIHTP) was established in 2002 to address the overwhelming needs of international military personnel concerning HIV and AIDS prevention, care, and treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine short-term knowledge transfer in trainees attending the MIHTP by comparing data collected from pre-training and post-training knowledge assessments. We used identical 40-question multiple choice pre-training and post-training assessments to determine the short-term transfer of knowledge of international HIV military physicians attending the MIHTP. Findings rev...
Source: Current HIV Research - February 6, 2017 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Grillo M, Woodland K, Talavera G, Shaffer R, Brodine S Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

B-cell abnormalities and impact on antibody response in HIV infection
Purpose of review: The purpose of the present review is to provide an update on the current development in the field of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNabs) and their potential use in the prevention and therapeutic settings, and an evaluation of the B-cell abnormalities that may impair antibody responses in HIV infection. Recent findings: Major advances have been achieved in the characterization of bNabs directed against different vulnerable regions of HIV Envelope (Env). Recent observations have clearly demonstrated the ability of bNabs to prevent HIV infection in the nonhuman primate model of HIV infection and to sup...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - April 20, 2017 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV AND NOVEL STRATEGIES FOR INDUCTION OF BROAD NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES FOLLOWING VACCINATION: Edited by Ralf Wagner Source Type: research

How HIV-1 entry mechanism and broadly neutralizing antibodies guide structure-based vaccine design
Purpose of review: An HIV-1 vaccine that elicits broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) remains to be developed. Here, we review how knowledge of bNAbs and HIV-1 entry mechanism is guiding the structure-based design of vaccine immunogens and immunization regimens. Recent findings: Isolation of bNAbs from HIV-1-infected donors has led to an unprecedented understanding of the sites of vulnerability that these antibodies target on the HIV-1 envelope (Env) as well as of the immunological pathways that these antibody lineages follow to develop broad and potent neutralization. Sites of vulnerability, however, reside in the con...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - April 20, 2017 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV AND NOVEL STRATEGIES FOR INDUCTION OF BROAD NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES FOLLOWING VACCINATION: Edited by Ralf Wagner Source Type: research

Intrastructural help: improving the HIV-1 envelope antibody response induced by virus-like particle vaccines
Purpose of review: The importance of IgG Fc-effector functions for the efficacy of HIV vaccines is increasingly recognized. Although different types of vaccines were shown to induce antibodies with different Fc-activities, there is no clear strategy how to raise antibody responses with a desired pattern of Fc-effector functions. Given the central role of T-helper cells in regulating the germinal center reaction and the differentiation of B cells in an antigen-specific manner, the review will discuss whether T-helper cells directed against non-HIV envelope (Env) antigens could be harnessed to improve the HIV-Env antibody re...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - April 20, 2017 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV AND NOVEL STRATEGIES FOR INDUCTION OF BROAD NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES FOLLOWING VACCINATION: Edited by Ralf Wagner Source Type: research